Big Six...A Necessary Framework
As an educator, regardless of the reading program my district required I use, I always considered the "Big Six" components of reading instruction because these elements are scientifically proven to be essential for developing strong, proficient readers. These six pillars are:
Oral Language
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Fluency
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Here’s why they matter universally:
1. They Represent the Core of How Reading Works
Each of the Big Six targets a specific cognitive skill necessary for reading. Together, they form a complete framework:
Oral Language is the foundation for reading and writing. A strong command of spoken language supports vocabulary development, sentence structure understanding, and listening comprehension. Regardless of the reading program, students need to
communicate, listen, and understand spoken language to make sense of written text.
Phonemic awareness helps students understand and manipulate the sounds in spoken words.
Phonics connects those sounds to letters and helps students decode written text.
Fluency builds speed and accuracy, enabling smoother reading.
Vocabulary ensures students know the meaning of the words they read.
Comprehension allows them to make sense of and engage with the text
Regardless of the program used, omitting any of these risks will leave students with critical skill gaps.
2. They Provide a Research-Based Foundation
The National Reading Panel and subsequent studies have shown that these six elements are non-negotiable for effective reading instruction. Programs that neglect or underemphasize any of them tend to be less effective, especially for struggling readers.
3. They Ensure Equity in Instruction
When educators use the Big Six as a lens, they can evaluate and supplement any program to meet the needs of all students. This is especially important for students with dyslexia, English language learners, and others who need more structured support.
4. They Create a Common Language and Framework
When all educators—classroom teachers, interventionists, administrators—align around the Big Six, it creates consistency across grade levels and schools. This shared foundation enables teams to collaborate, track progress, and make informed instructional decisions.
5. They Empower Teachers to Think Critically
Rather than blindly following a program, teachers who understand the Big Six can adapt and fill gaps in instruction. This helps them meet diverse student needs and stay responsive rather than rigid.